India-china border issu

INDIA-CHINA BORDER

The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is a loose demarcation line that separates the Indian controlled area from the China-controlled area in the Indian union territory of Ladakh, Which was formed after the 1962 war.

There are two common ways in which the term "Line of Actual Control" is used. In the narrow sense, it refers only to the line of control in the western region of the border between two countries. In that sense, the LAC forms an effective border between the two countries along the formerly (and disputed) McMahon Line (a small undisturbed section in between). In a broader sense, it can be used to refer to both the Western Line of Control and the McMahon Line, in which sense it is the effective border between India and the People's Republic of China (PRC).

The entire Sino-Indian border (the western LAC, the small undisturbed section in the center, and the MacMahon Line in the east) is 4,056 km (2,520 mi) long and employs an Indian Union Territory of Ladakh and the PAR of four Indian states: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

On the Chinese side, the line traverses the Tibet Autonomous Region. After the 1962 war, demarcation existed as an informal cease-fire line between India and China until 1993, when its existence was officially acknowledged as the 'Line of Actual Control' in a bilateral agreement.

Although no official border was ever negotiated between China and India, the Indian government claims a border in the western region similar to the Johnson Line of 1865, while the PRC government considers a border similar to the 1899 Macartney – MacDonald Line.

The Indian government claims that Chinese soldiers continue to illegally enter the region hundreds of times each year.

In 2013, there was a three-week standoff between Indian and Chinese troops, 30 km southeast of Daulat Beg Oldi. This was settled and both Chinese and Indian troops withdrew in return for a Chinese settlement to destroy some military structures more than 250 km to the south near Chumar, which the Indians perceived as a threat.

When was the McMahon line drawn?

The McMahon Line is the demarcation line drawn on the map referenced in the Simla Convention, a treaty signed between Britain and Tibet in 1914. Although its legal status is disputed, it is currently the dominant border between China and India. The dispute was used in the 1962 war between China and India.

Is LAC also a claim line for both countries?

Not for India. India's claim line is the line seen in the official boundary on the map released by the Survey of India, which includes both Aksai Chin and Gilgit-Baltistan. In the case of China, it mostly matches its claim line, but in the eastern region, it claims the whole of Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet. However, lines of claim are under question when the final international border is discussed,

But why are these claim lines controversial in

Ladakh?

The treaties were transferred to independent India by the British, and when the Simla Agreement on the McMahon Line was signed by British India, Aksai Chin in the Ladakh province of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was not part of British India, although it was a part of the British Empire. Was only

Thus, in 1914 the eastern boundary was well-defined, but in the west it was not in Ladakh.

A G Noorani writes in the Indo-China border problem 1846–1947 that - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's State Ministry published two white papers on Indian states. For the first time, in July 1948, there were two maps: one had no boundaries in the western region, only one was partially colored;

In the second, the entire state of J&K was yellow in color. But noted "boundary undefined".

The second white paper was published in February 1950 after India became a republic, where the map again had boundaries that were undefined. In July 1954, Nehru issued a directive that "all our old maps associated with this boundary should be carefully examined and withdrawn wherever necessary. The new map shows our northern and north eastern frontiers without any. The lines should be printed showing any reference. The new maps should also be sent to our embassies abroad and generally introduced to the public and used in our schools, colleges, etc. This map, as officially used to date, formed the basis of dealings with China, eventually leading to the 1962 war.

How is LAC different from LOC with Pakistan?

The LOC emerged from the cease-line of 1948 by the United Nations after the Kashmir War. It was named as LoC in 1972 after the Simla Agreement between the two countries. It is depicted on a map signed by the DGMOs of both the armies and has international sanctity of legal agreement. LAC, by contrast, is only a concept - it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither depicted on the map nor demarcated on the ground.